JLPT N1 Grammar

regardless of... / irrespective of...

N + の + いかんにかかわらず／によらず／をとわず

no matter how... / even if...

V-意志形 + が／と

whether... or... / no matter if... or...

V-意志形 + が + V-意志形 + が

whether... or not / regardless of whether...

V-意志形 + が + V-辞書形/ない形 + まいが

even if... / no matter how... / even though...

V-意志形 + とも；い形語幹 + くとも

even if... / no matter how... / whatever...

N + であれ／であろうと

whether... or... / no matter if... or...

N + であれ + N + であれ

by means of... / with... / by...

N + でもって

called... / that is... / this thing called... (emphasis)

N + という + N；N + というもの

this thing called... / the so-called...

N + というもの（は）

even... / even though... / although...

普通形/N + といえども

whether... or... / be it... or... / regardless of...

N + といわず + N + といわず

just when I thought... / I expected... but...

V-た形 + かと思いきや

as for... / when it comes to... (with complaint)

N + ときたら

of all people/things... / to think that... (should have known better)

N + としたことが

even... / even if... / also...

N + とて；普通形 + とて

although... / even though... / but then again...

普通形 + とはいうものの

although... / even though... / nevertheless...

普通形 + とはいえ

although... / even though... (still)...

V-ます形（語幹）+ ながらも

either... or... / whether... or... / something like...

N + なり + N + なり；V-辞書形 + なり + V-辞書形 + なり

regardless of... / without regard for... / heedless of...

N + を顧みず／も顧みず

if only... (but didn't) / although one could have... / it's a shame that...

普通形 + ものを

what with... and... / first... then... (listing complaints)

やれ + N + だ、やれ + N + だ

in spite of... / against (opposition) / overriding...

N + を押して／を押し切って

with... / by means of... / as of... (formal)

N + をもって／をもちまして

undaunted by... / defying... / not letting... bother one

N + をものともせずに

ignoring... / regardless of... / turning a blind eye to...

N + をよそに

thanks to... / it is ... that makes ... possible

N + あっての + N

depending on... / it rests on... / it all depends on...

N + いかんで／いかんでは／いかんによっては；N + いかんだ／いかんにかかっている

once it comes to... / when it actually comes down to...

いざ + 動詞辞書形 + となると／となれば／となったら

once... then... / the moment... (something bad follows)

V-た形 + が最後／たら最後

even if... (it's already too late) / no matter how...

V-た形 + ところで

if one... there's no end to it / once you start... there's no end

V-た形 + らきりがない；V-ば形 + きりがない

if (something bad) should happen / suppose one... (then...)

N + でもしたら

don't blame me if... / if you... then don't complain

V-て形 + も知らない

it won't help even if... / nothing will change even if...

V-て形 + もどうにもならない

there's nothing to lose by... / might as well try...

V-て形 + もともとだ

it's useless to... / there's no point in...

V-て形 + も始まらない

if it's... (then one must) / now that... / under the circumstances of...

普通形 + とあっては

if it is... / if it were for... / when it comes to...

N/普通形 + とあれば

even if... / even for... / even granting that...

普通形 + としたって；N + にしたって

once it comes to... / when it comes to... / if it's...

N + ともなると／ともなれば

even if not... (at least)...

V-ない形 + までも

without... / if it weren't for... (can't...)

N + なくして（は）

without... / unless... / with no... (can't...)

N + なしに；N + なしには／なしでは（〜ない）

if it's up to... / in the hands of... (it's easy) / once handled by...

N + にかかると／にかかっては

depends on... / rests with... / hinges on...

N + にかかっている

in accordance with... / following the example of... / as per...

N + に準じて／に準じる

in line with... / in accordance with... / based on...

N + に即して／に即した；N + に則して／に則した

in light of... / in accordance with... / judging against...

N + に照らして

in accordance with... / following... / based on...

N + に則って

once... it's all over / if... then that's the end of it

V-ば形 + それまでだ

depending on how... / depending on the method... / with a bit of luck...

N + のようによっては

based on... / in light of... / taking... into account

N + を踏まえて

...is still better than nothing / at least... (compared to the alternative)

普通形 + だけましだ

as a... / as befits... / being... (one must...)

N + たる；N + たるもの

whether... or... / both... and... (are equally...)

N + といい + N + といい

whether it's... or... / maybe... or maybe... / is it... or is it...

普通形 + というか + 普通形 + というか

completely different from... / a complete change from...

N + とは打って変わって

being of such standing... / for someone of... to... (disapproval)

N + ともあろうものが

if it's... that's another matter (but...) / ...is one thing, but...

N/普通形 + ならいざ知らず

in one's own way / in accordance with... / in one's own fashion

N + なりに／なりの

in contrast to... / as opposed to... / whereas...

N + にひきかえ（て）

more than... / even more than before / surpassing...

N + にも増して

leaving... aside / setting... aside / apart from...

N + はさておき（て）

not to mention... / ...is certainly true, but... / above all...

N + もさることながら

almost the same as... / tantamount to... / as good as...

N/V-た形 + も同然だ；N + も同然の + N

other than... / besides... (there is no one else) / except...

N + をおいて（他に〜ない）

while... / by way of... / at the same time (formal)

N + かたがた

while... / on the way... / ...ing along with

V-ます形（語幹）+ がてら；N + がてら

the moment... / no sooner... than...

V-辞書形／た形 + が早いか

as soon as... / no sooner... than... (repeatedly)

V-辞書形／た形 + そばから

ever since... / since... (has been...)

V-て形 + からというもの

at the time of... / while... (used in polite requests/thanks)

V-ているところ + を

the moment... / no sooner... than... / right after...

V-辞書形／た形 + なり

at the time of... / as... / by nature (and only then)

N + にして（初めて）；N + にして

the moment... / no sooner... than... / as soon as...

V-辞書形 + や／や否や

just at the moment of... / right when... / just as...

V-た形/V-ているところ + 矢先に

as of... / until... / with... as the last (time)

N + を限りに

starting with... / beginning with... / with... as the first

N + を皮切りに（して）

on the eve of... / just before... / with... approaching

N + を控えて；N + を控えた + N

with... as the starting point / starting from... / beginning with...

N + を振り出しに

through... / via... / after going through...

N + を経て

while... / besides... / in addition to...

N + の + かたわら；V-辞書形 + かたわら

tend to... / be inclined to... (negative)

N + の + 嫌いがある；V-辞書形 + 嫌いがある

now... now... / alternately... / mutually...

V-ます形（語幹）+ つ + V-ます形（語幹）+ つ

it's unbearable if... / I can't stand it when...

V-て形 + はかなわない

now... now... / repeatedly... / over and over

V-て形 + は + V-て形 + は

it's unbearable if... / I can't take it when...

V-て形 + はやり切れない

as if to say... / with an air of... / as if...

普通形 + とばかりに

unintentionally... / without really... / idly...

V-辞書形 + ともなく；N + から + ともなく

in the state of... / since birth... / as is

N + ながらに／ながらの

in the situation of... / under... / even in...

N + にあって（は）／にあっても

engrossed in... / so busy with... that (one neglects)

N + にかまけて

in the momentum of... / at the moment of... (accidentally) / carried by...

V-た形 + 弾みで／弾みに

neglecting... / ignoring... / leaving... aside

N + はそっちのけで／をそっちのけで

covered with... / drenched in... / all over...

N + まみれ

look like... / have an air of... / grow to be...

N + めく；N + めいた + N

slight... / treat... contemptuously / neglect...

N + を蔑ろにする

be negligent of... / treat... perfunctorily / slight...

N + をなおざりにして

as if about to... / on the verge of... / almost...

V-ない形 + んばかりに／んばかりの／んばかりだ

whether or not... / if...

普通形 + か否か；N + である + か否か

like... / as if... / just as...

N + の + ごとき／ごとく／ごとし；V-普通形 + ごとく

will not fail to... / is sure to... / can't help but...

V-ない形 + ずにはおかない／ないではおかない

openly... / unhesitatingly declare...

V-て形 + 憚らない

not hard to... / easy to imagine...

V-辞書形 + にかたくない

nothing is better than... / the more... the better / there's nothing better than

V-辞書形 + に越したことはない；い形 + に越したことはない

nothing is as good as... / the best is...

N + に如くはない

there is a flaw in... / it's unreasonable to... / there's a strain...

N + には無理がある；V-辞書形 + のには無理がある

as was to be expected / inevitably / it happened as it had to

V-辞書形 + べくして + V-た形

it is generally thought that... / is expected to... / presumably...

普通形 + ものと思われる

I heard that... / they say... / supposedly...

普通形 + んだって

since... / and besides... / given that...

普通形 + ことだし

because... / as... (formal, explanatory)

普通形 + こととて；N + の + こととて

partly because... / also due to the fact that...

普通形 + こともあって

it's not like... / it's not as if... (so...)

N + ではあるまいし／じゃあるまいし

combined with... / together with... / coupled with...

N + と（が）相まって；N + も相まって

because... / given that... / as it is...

普通形 + とあって

owe much to... / be largely indebted to...

N + に負うところが多い／大きい

using... as an excuse / under the pretext of...

N + にかこつけて

largely due to... / owe a lot to... / depends largely on...

N + によるところが大きい

precisely because... / it is because... that...

V-ば形 + こそ

in order to... / in order that... (intention)

V-辞書形 + べく

because of... / owing to... / by reason of...

N + （が）ゆえに；普通形 + がゆえに；N + ゆえの + N

taking... as an opportunity / with... as the occasion / since...

N + を機に（して）

in order to... / for the sake of... / in the interest of...

V-ない形 + んがために；V-ない形 + んがための + N

sincerely... / never cease to... / from the bottom of one's heart

V-て形 + やまない

cannot bear to... / it is painful to...

V-辞書形 + に忍びない

cannot help... / cannot suppress... / cannot restrain one's...

N + を禁じ得ない

is nothing other than... / is exactly...

N + 以外の何ものでもない

what else could it be but... / it must be...

N + でなくてなんだろう

to think that... / how surprising that... / that... (of all things)

普通形 + とは／なんて

end up... / in the end (something bad) / go so far as to...

V-辞書形／た形 + 始末だ

to the point of... / reaching... / even... / up until...

V-辞書形/N + に至る；N + に至っては

end up in the situation of... / get into the fix of... / be forced to...

V-辞書形 + 羽目になる；V-辞書形 + 羽目に陥る

needless to say... / not to mention... / better left unsaid

N + は言わずもがな、N + も

extremely... / beyond measure / couldn't be more...

い形 + 限りだ；な形 + な + 限りだ

as much as... / no less than... / at least...

数量詞 + からある／からする；数量詞 + からの + N

extremely... / utterly... / most...

な形語幹 + 極まる／極まりない

all... / nothing but... / everything is...

N + ずくめ

even... / (not) even...

N + すら／でさえ；N + にすら

not only... but also... / not just...

ひとり + N/普通形 + だけでなく／のみならず

only... / nothing but... / solely...

ただ + N/普通形 + のみだ；V-辞書形 + のみだ

even... / so much as... (in negatives: not even...)

V-辞書形 + だに；N + に + だに

not even... / even... (usually in negatives)

数量詞（最小単位）+ たりとも（〜ない）

to the extent of... / even going so far as to...

V-て形 + まで（して）

about... / roughly... / somewhere around...

数量詞/普通形 + といったところだ

extremely... / beyond words / to no end

い形 + といったらない；な形 + な + といったらない

though not quite... / even if it doesn't reach... / not to the extent of...

普通形 + とまではいかないが

though I wouldn't go so far as to say... / even if not saying...

普通形 + とまでは言わないが

through repeated... / after successive... / over and over

N + を重ねて；N + に + N + を重ねて

unique to... / only possible for... / typical of...

N + ならでは；N + ならではの + N

even... / at least... / if only... (a small amount)

数量詞 + なりとも

worthy of... / deserving... / not worth...

N + に値する／に値しない；V-辞書形 + に値する

not worth... / there's no need to... / nothing to be surprised about

V-辞書形 + にはあたらない

up to... / even to the extent of... / all the way to...

N + に至るまで

no need to... / not as good as... / cannot match...

V-辞書形 + には及ばない；N + に（は）及ばない

not limited to... / not peculiar to... / it's not just...

N + に限ったことではない

worthy of... / bear to... / cannot bear...

V-辞書形 + にたえる／にたえない

sufficient to... / worthy of... / enough to...

V-辞書形 + に足る；N + に足る

not enough to... / not worth... / hardly...

V-辞書形 + に足らない

not limited to... / not stopping at... / going beyond...

N + にとどまらず

there is a limit to... / going too far / too much of a good thing

N + にもほどがある

the height of... / utmost... / most... (formal)

N + の至りだ

the ultimate... / the height of... / the very peak of...

N + の極み

(it was) ever so... / to no end / like you wouldn't believe

い形 + のなんの

not only... but also... / not merely... but even...

（ただ）+ N/普通形 + のみならず／のみか

let alone... / not to mention... / to say nothing of...

N + はおろか（〜も／さえ／まで）

even going so far as to... / to the extent of... / at the cost of...

V-て形 + までして

at most... / it's only a matter of... / I'll just...

V-辞書形 + までだ；V-辞書形 + までのことだ

there's no need to... / without even... / needless to...

V-辞書形 + までもなく（〜明らかだ）

not quite... / somehow not... / lacking something

今ひとつ + い形／動詞ない形／N + だ

without doing... / never doing...

V-辞書形 + ことなしに

so that... doesn't happen / in order to avoid...

V-辞書形 + ことのないよう（に）

ended up not doing... / never got to...

V-ない形 + ずじまいだ

miss the chance to... / fail to... / never got around to...

V-ます形（語幹）+ そびれる

there has never been a case of... / never once...

V-た形 + ためしがない

not... at all / nothing like... / it's nothing to...

N + でも何でもない；い形語幹 + くも何ともない

it's not that one couldn't say... / it's not entirely untrue that...

普通形 + と言えなくもない

there is no... worth mentioning / nothing particular...

これといって + 〜ない；これといった + N + 〜ない

not a single... / there is no... to...

数量詞（一日・一人・一度）+ として + 〜ない

not entirely... / there is some... after all / I'm not (entirely)...

V-ない形 + ではない／でもない

it's not that... not... / not entirely...

V-ない形 + ものでもない

it's not that... not... / I don't entirely...

い形語幹 + くはない／くもない；V-ない形 + なくはない／なくもない

it is impossible to... / there is no way to... / cannot possibly...

V-辞書形 + べくもない

will never... / won't (do) at all / absolutely not...

V-ます形（語幹）+ はしない／やしない

shouldn't have... / I wish I hadn't... / I regret...

V-辞書形 + んじゃなかった

can't... even if one wants to / no matter how hard one tries...

V-意志形 + にも + V-可能形の否定

cannot get away without... / is obliged to... / must...

V-ない形 + ずには済まない／ないでは済まない

there is no way to... / be unable to...

V-辞書形 + 術がない

it is proper to... / rightly should...

V-て形 + しかるべきだ

it's all right to... / there's no harm in... / you may...

V-て形 + も差し支えない

indispensable to... / essential for... / cannot do without

N + に欠かせない；N + が欠かせない

must not... / do not... / it is impermissible to...

V-辞書形 + べからず；V-辞書形 + べからざる + N

not permissible... / unbecoming of... / should not (as befits...)

V-辞書形 + まじき + N

force... / compel... / drive (someone) to...

N + を余儀なくさせる

be forced to... / be compelled to... / be obliged to...

N + を余儀なくされる

(honorific) for you / to you / regarding you

N + におかれましては